Bases can be defined on the same basis as compounds that are able to accept H⁺ ions. For example, in the reaction of hydrochloric acid (HCl) with water, H⁺ and Cl⁻ ions are produced:īases are described as substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in chemical reactions. In other words, acids in water release H⁺ ions. This theory is about the chemical reactions of acids and bases and explains how acids and bases behave in their reactions.Īccording to the Arrhenius theory, an acid is described as a substance that produces hydrogen ions (H⁺) in chemical reactions. The Arrhenius theory is one of the most important theories in chemistry, which was presented in the 19th century by a Swede named Sefrias Arrhenius. It is important to know that the use of acids should be done with caution and compliance with safety instructions, because some acids can cause risks such as skin and eye irritation, burns and explosions.Īrrhenius theory about acids and general properties of acids Solubility: Many acids dissolve well in water and form acidic solutions.Ĭorrosivity: Some acids are able to gradually corrode materials, especially metals.Įxamples of acids include sulfuric acid (H2SO4), nitric acid (HNO3), and hydrochloric acid (HCl). Interaction with bases: Acids react with bases and can form new compounds. PH balance: Acids are able to lower the pH of solutions and drive them to a value less than 7. These hydrogen ions cause sourness and acidic properties. When an acid combines with water, a hydrogen atom (H) is released and dissolves in water as hydrogen ions (H+). Acids usually do not exist in their pure form as liquid or gas, but are found as aqueous solutions or in combination with other substances. These compounds are known as sour compounds. What is an acid?Īcids are chemical compounds that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in the presence of water or aqueous environments. This article not only helps readers to learn about the wide range of properties of acids, but also examines the role of acids in scientific research and technological advancements. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the characteristics and General properties of acids along with their applications in various industries and the important role they play in chemical and biological processes. In this article, we review the important properties of acids, including antibacterial, solubilizing, antioxidant, catalytic, gas-generating, scavenging, and decolorizing properties. Acid have wide applications in various industries, laboratories and chemical and biological processes. Compound 10 revealed the lowest chemical hardness (0.0453 eV) and the highest softness (22.0751 eV) due to the lowest energy gap, which inferred the highest reactivity of the compound.Acids are known as one of the most important sets of chemical compounds in the world. Further, compound 13 showed the highest binding affinity (−5.8 kcal mol −1) toward human peroxiredoxin 5 compared to ascorbic acid (−4.2 kcal mol −1). albican CYP51 compared to KC (−10.2 kcal mol −1). Compound 13 displayed the highest binding affinity (−10.6 kcal mol −1) toward C. aureus PK compared to ciprofloxacin (−4.9 kcal mol −1). Similarly, compounds 10 and 13 displayed the highest binding affinity (−6.1 kcal mol −1) toward S. coli DNA gyrase B than ciprofloxacin (−7.3 kcal mol −1). In silico molecular interaction studies showed that compound 12 exhibited higher binding affinity (−8.0 kcal mol −1) toward E. The antioxidant activities of the compounds were evaluated through DPPH assay, and compound 13 displayed radical scavenging activity with an IC 50 value of 8.4 μg mL −1, which was relative to that of ascorbic acid (IC 50 = 9.6 μg mL −1). Among the tested derivatives, compound 13 showed good antimicrobial activity (MIC = 0.5 mg mL −1) against both bacterial and fungal species compared to ciprofloxacin (0.0125 mg mL −1) and ketoconazole (0.05 mg mL −1). The compounds were also evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against six bacterial and three fungal strains using the broth dilution method. The fastness properties of compounds 12 and 13 were tested, and they were found to display excellent fastness to washing and rubbing. The structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized using UV-visible FTIR and 1H, 13C and DEPT-135 NMR techniques. Herein, six azo dye derivatives incorporated with 1,3,4-thiadiazole, a five membered heterocyclic scaffold, were prepared from 4-dimethylaminobezaldehyde/4-aminobenzoic acid, thiosemicarbazide and coupling agents (phenol, 1-naphthol, and 2-naphthol) through a diazotization-coupling reaction with good yields. The incorporation of heterocyclic moieties into azo dye derivatives influences the bioactive properties of synthesized derivatives.
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